Circulation access includes:
Pedestrian
Vehicular
Public transit movement systems
Utility services include
Water
Sewer
Gas
Electricity
Communication systems
Sustainable design planning
Infrastructure
Utilities
Work with natural ecosystems
Forms of circulation
Grid
Radial
Linear (Strip commercial)
Curvilinear
Combination
Traffic arteries
1. Freeways, Expressways or Motorways
Impede flow
Grades
Curves
Lane widths
Directional signs
Road Surfaces
On-and off-ramps
Limited access
Safety
Rapidity
2. Arterial streets or Highways - 35mph
3. Collector-distributor streets
4. Local access streets
Cul-de-sac, do not exceed 400 feet
Cul-de-sac diameter 80 feet
Max depth loops of streets 700 feet
Max length of a block is 1600 feet
Curb radii at minor streets intersections is 12 feet min.
Curb radii at major streets intersections is 50 feet min.
Control devices:
-stop signs
-traffic signals
-turning lanes
-islands
-medians
-grade separations
-More than 750 vehicles per hour traffic signals is required
-Grade separations are warranted when traffic exceeds 3000 vehicles per hour
-Cloverleaf: grade separated intersection is the cloverleaf (right turns)
-Direct Left Turn Interchange (two expressways intersect)
-Diamond Interchange (expressways intersect secondary roads)
up-ramps = 3-6%
down-ramps = 8%
Parking
8'-4" x 20'
CLIMA
Sun at the lowast angle December 21
Sun at the highest angle June 21
Vernal equinox March 21
Autumnal equinox September 21
Sun at the lowast angle December 21
Sun at the highest angle June 21
Vernal equinox March 21
Autumnal equinox September 21
Use overhangs to control summer sun
Use the sub for Passive Solar Heating
East and West facades use vertical buffles
What material is used for drainage pipes with a diameter more than 42 inches?
A. vitrified clay
B. concrete
C. cast iron
D. PVC
I would say concrete but you can find new PVC products online however I believe the test will reference the tried and true method of concrete.
In the northern hemisphere, which of the following exterior sun controls are most effective for east and west building exposures?
A. Vertical Fins
B. Vertical Baffles
C. Horizontal Overhangs
Vertical Fins for east west
A soil's density can provide an indication of its strength. To increase load-bearing capacity what does soil modification often seek to reduce in soil?
What type of piles may be used as a water dam?
What type of development is larger than a cluster development and includes housing, commercial, retail and industrial developments?
A slurry wall is a narrow trench filled with a slurry mixture composed of bentonite clay and water, enabling it to resist pressure from the surrounding earth. What type temporary support is this?
A. Bracing
B. Sheeting
C. Underpinning
BracingA. vitrified clay
B. concrete
C. cast iron
D. PVC
I would say concrete but you can find new PVC products online however I believe the test will reference the tried and true method of concrete.
In the northern hemisphere, which of the following exterior sun controls are most effective for east and west building exposures?
A. Vertical Fins
B. Vertical Baffles
C. Horizontal Overhangs
Vertical Fins for east west
A soil's density can provide an indication of its strength. To increase load-bearing capacity what does soil modification often seek to reduce in soil?
What type of piles may be used as a water dam?
What type of development is larger than a cluster development and includes housing, commercial, retail and industrial developments?
A slurry wall is a narrow trench filled with a slurry mixture composed of bentonite clay and water, enabling it to resist pressure from the surrounding earth. What type temporary support is this?
A. Bracing
B. Sheeting
C. Underpinning
- Aperture (Collector)
- The large glass (window) area through which sunlight enters the building. Typically, the aperture(s) should face within 30 degrees of true south and should not be shaded by other buildings or trees from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day during the heating season.
- Absorber
- The hard, darkened surface of the storage element. This surface—which could be that of a masonry wall, floor, or partition (phase change material), or that of a water container—sits in the direct path of sunlight. Sunlight hits the surface and is absorbed as heat.
- Thermal mass
- The materials that retain or store the heat produced by sunlight. The difference between the absorber and thermal mass, although they often form the same wall or floor, is that the absorber is an exposed surface whereas thermal mass is the material below or behind that surface.
- Distribution
- The method by which solar heat circulates from the collection and storage points to different areas of the house. A strictly passive design will use the three natural heat transfer modes—conduction, convection, and radiation—exclusively. In some applications, however, fans, ducts, and blowers may help with the distribution of heat through the house.
- Control
- Roof overhangs can be used to shade the aperture area during summer months. Other elements that control under- and/or overheating include electronic sensing devices, such as a differential thermostat that signals a fan to turn on; operable vents and dampers that allow or restrict heat flow; low-emissivity blinds; and awnings.
Design Procedure:
- Step 1: There is no single design procedure to design for orientation. However, you need to model your proposal in a package such as Google SketchUp.
- Step 2: Ensure the building is properly placed on its site in relation to north and the location either geographically or in terms of latitude or longitude is entered.
- Step 3: Use a sun or shadow tool to model the building at seasonal extremities.
- Step 4: Be conservative in the use of glazing to heavily exposed sides.
- Step 5: Model the use of solar shading devices.
- Step 6: You can quantify solar gain coming through glazing over a year using in a domestic context, really simple SAP tools. Other packages such as Autodesk Ecotect and IES VE-ware can model solar gain and possible overheating of a building model.
- Step 7: Remember orientation is about protection and mitigation of sunlight in buildings as well as accommodating solar gain.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Orientation
In temperate and cold climates, if you live in the north hemisphere, the longer walls of your home should face south (the north, in southern hemisphere countries). Southern exposure is crucial to get maximum solar benefits (Northern exposure in southerh hemisphere coutries).This rule shouldn't be considered too stricly. A variation till 20 or 30 degrees is rather irrelevant, and there are particulars and adaptations that should also be considered.
Building shape and axis
Rectangular-compact buildings, with their longer walls facing the winter low sun (to profit from it), are excellent solutions. In this case, the longer axis of the building (its ridge line) is oriented east/west.
Vimeo
