BDCS

Building Design and Construction Systems

SITE WORK
1. Demolition and clearing of land
2. Earthwork
3. Installation of piles and caissons
4. Paving

SOIL
1. Sands 0.002
2. Gravels 0.05
3. Silts: plastic
4. Clays: cohesive
5. Organics: poor for foundations
6. Hardpan: unbroken  mixture of clay, sand & gravel
7. Shale: soft rocks
8. Slate: soft rocks
9. Boulders: broken off of bedrock
10. Bedrock: highest bearing capacity

SOIL TESTS
1. Bearing capacity
2. Water table level
3. Porosity

Most common soil tests for BEARING capacity are:
1. Borings
2. Test pits

Boring log contains:
1. Material
2. Depth
3. Moisture content
4. Density

Most common borehole test:
1. Standard penetration test (SPT)
2. Density
3. Consistency
4. 2" Diam. sampler
5. Borehole by a 140lbm hammer falling 30"
6. Strength tests of bearing capacity
7. Resistance to lateral pressure
8. Slope stability
9. Compressibility
10. Grain size
11. Specific gravity
12. Density tests

Number of borings is determined by:
1. Size of the building
2. Suspected subsurface geological conditions
3. Requirements by local codes
4. Minimum 4 borings one near each corner
5. Additional tests may be warranted

TEST PITS
• Is the second common
• Trenches dug
• Depth 10' feet
• Requested by the Architect
• Paid by the owner
• Soil tests are NOT part of the contract documents

OTHER TYPES OF TESTS
1. Auger borings: sand or clay in shallow depths
2. Wash borings: 2"-4" Diam. with water jet, difficult to analyze, 100' depth
3. Dry sample borings: extract 5" of soil in increments
4. Soil load tests: build a platform, place incremental loads, observe settlement. The design load is 1/2 the test load

• CONCRETE.
• MASONRY.
• METALS.
• STRUCTURAL AND ROUGH CARPENTRY.
• FINISH CARPENTRY AND ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK.
• MOISTURE PROTECTION and THERMAL INSULATION
• DOORS, WINDOWS and GLAZING
• FINISH MATERIALS.
• VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION

SOIL TREATMENT

1. Drainage: Prevent hydrostatic pressure
2. Fill: Use proctor test, compact 90%-100%, moisture contents 2%-4%, 8"-12" lifts.
3. Compaction: Sheepsfoot roller
4. Densification: On site compaction
5. Surcharging: Preloading of the ground
6. Mixing:Replace the soil with sand or gravel

EARTHWORK
Excavation of soil for:

1. Water lines
2. Sewer lines
3. Buried items (electric, gas, steam optic) - Trenching
4. Modify contour lines

Excavation should be no steeper than their natural angle of repose not greater than (H)11/2 and (V)1

1. Grading: Modification of the contours. Adding or removing soil 6" to 1'
2. Finish grading: 1" of soil and placement of topsoil
3. Landscaping:

BDCS

I-Beam, H-Beams, W-Beams

American Institute Of Steel Construction AISC

Building and Construction Technology Building Materials

American Concrete Institute ACI