SITE WORK
1. Demolition and clearing of land
2. Earthwork
3. Installation of piles and caissons
4. Paving
SOIL
1. Sands 0.002
2. Gravels 0.05
3. Silts: plastic
4. Clays: cohesive
5. Organics: poor for foundations
6. Hardpan: unbroken mixture of clay, sand & gravel
7. Shale: soft rocks
8. Slate: soft rocks
9. Boulders: broken off of bedrock
10. Bedrock: highest bearing capacity
SOIL TESTS
1. Bearing capacity
2. Water table level
3. Porosity
Most common soil tests for BEARING capacity are:
1. Borings
2. Test pits
Boring log contains:
1. Material
2. Depth
3. Moisture content
4. Density
Most common borehole test:
1. Standard penetration test (SPT)
2. Density
3. Consistency
4. 2" Diam. sampler
5. Borehole by a 140lbm hammer falling 30"
6. Strength tests of bearing capacity
7. Resistance to lateral pressure
8. Slope stability
9. Compressibility
10. Grain size
11. Specific gravity
12. Density tests
Number of borings is determined by:
1. Size of the building
2. Suspected subsurface geological conditions
3. Requirements by local codes
4. Minimum 4 borings one near each corner
5. Additional tests may be warranted
TEST PITS
• Is the second common
• Trenches dug
• Depth 10' feet
• Requested by the Architect
• Paid by the owner
• Soil tests are NOT part of the contract documents
OTHER TYPES OF TESTS
1. Auger borings: sand or clay in shallow depths
2. Wash borings: 2"-4" Diam. with water jet, difficult to analyze, 100' depth
3. Dry sample borings: extract 5" of soil in increments
4. Soil load tests: build a platform, place incremental loads, observe settlement. The design load is 1/2 the test load
• CONCRETE.
• MASONRY.
• METALS.
• STRUCTURAL AND ROUGH CARPENTRY.
• FINISH CARPENTRY AND ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK.
• MOISTURE PROTECTION and THERMAL INSULATION
• DOORS, WINDOWS and GLAZING
• FINISH MATERIALS.
• VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
SOIL TREATMENT
- Drainage: Prevent hydrostatic pressure
- Fill: Use proctor test, compact 90%-100%, moisture contents 2%-4%, 8"-12" lifts.
- Compaction: Sheepsfoot roller
- Densification: On site compaction
- Surcharging: Preloading of the ground
- Mixing:Replace the soil with sand or gravel
Excavation of soil for:
- Water lines
- Sewer lines
- Buried items (electric, gas, steam optic) - Trenching
- Modify contour lines
- Grading: Modification of the contours. Adding or removing soil 6" to 1'
- Finish grading: 1" of soil and placement of topsoil
- Landscaping:
SHORING AND BRACING
- First method: Breast boards or cribbing
- Second method: Wales
- Third method: Underpinning, for temporary support
Two primary types of drainage:
- Subsurface
- Surface
Water table and hydrostatic pressure. Min slope 1/4"/ft
Water from roofs and decks shall be drained away from the building with gutters and drain pipes.
Below ground use perforated drain tile 6" below the floor slab.
Water to drain away to a storm sewer, drywell or natural drainage area.
Gravel bed and cover around the "French Drain".
If hydrostatic pressure is a problem then use a layer of gravel next to the wall and Open-web matting.
PAVING
Playford Pavers
WALKS
Paving superstore
Building Materials (Ironwarrior)
PPi2PASS sample problems
PRINCIPLES Incorporate the implications of human behavior, historic precedent, and design theory in the selection of systems, materials, and methods related to building design and construction.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Consider the principles of sustainable design including adaptive re-use, thermal and moisture protection, and hazardous material mitigation.
CODES & REGULATIONS Incorporate building and specialty codes, zoning, and other regulatory requirements in building design and construction systems.
MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY Analyze the implication of design decisions in the selection of systems, materials, and methods incorporated in building design and construction.
Masonry Identify the properties and characteristics of masonry structural and finish materials
Metals Identify the properties and characteristics of structural and miscellaneous metals.
Wood Identify the properties and characteristics of wood structures, rough carpentry, finish carpentry, and millwork assemblies.
Concrete Identify the properties and characteristics of concrete structures and finishes.
Other Identify the properties and characteristics of miscellaneous systems, assemblies, membranes, cladding, coatings, and finish materials (e.g., plastics, composites, glass, tensile, pneumatic, EIFS, etc.)
Specialties Analyze and select accessories, equipment, and fittings.
PROJECT & PRACTICE MANAGEMENT Assess the implication of construction sequencing, scheduling, cost, and risk management in the selection of systems, materials, and methods.
Vignettes
ACCESSIBILITY/RAMP Design a ramp and stairway connecting two levels that complies with accessibility and code requirements.
STAIR DESIGN Design a stairway connecting multiple levels that complies with accessibility and code requirements.
ROOF PLAN Design a sloped-roof plan for the removal of rainwater and locate accessories and equipment.
ARE Guidelines
GREEN BUILDING Wikipedia
Foundations & Retaining Structures
Isolated Column Spread Footing
An isolated column footing transfers the loads from a single column to the
supporting soil. The footing is designed for flexure, punching or two-way
shear, and flexural or one-way shear. The allowable soil bearing pressure
determines the size of the footing, and the punching shear governs the
depth of the footing. American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code, Sections
15.4 and 11.2, specifies the critical sections in the footing for flexure and
shear.
ACI code defines the reaction plane for a reinforced concrete
column as being located at the face of the column and specifies the
location of the critical sections for flexure and shear with respect to the
reaction plane.
For a footing supporting a column with a steel base plate, the reaction
plane is specified as halfway between the face of the column and the edge
of the base plate.
For a footing supporting a masonry column, the reaction plane is specified
as halfway between the center and the face of the column.
Reinforcement: For a square footing, reinforcement is designed for the
maximum moment at the reaction plane and is distributed uniformly
across the base.
For a rectangular footing, reinforcement parallel to the shorter side should be concentrated in a central band width equal to the length of the shorter side.
ACI Equation 15-1 gives the area of reinforcement required in the central band, and
ACI Equation 11-3 gives the capacity of a footing for flexural shear.
ACI Equation 11-33 gives the capacity of a footing for punching shear.
Load transfer between a reinforced concrete column and the footing may
be provided by the bearing capacity of the column and the footing.
ACI Section 10.17.1 gives the bearing capacity of the column concrete at the
intersection and the bearing capacity of the footing concrete at the interface.
When the bearing strength of the concrete is exceeded, reinforcement
must be provided at the interface to transfer the excess load.
ACI Sections 15.8.1.2 and 15.8.2.1.
Combined Footing
The centroid of the footing is designed to coincide with the centroid of the
service loads on the two columns to provide a uniform soil bearing
pressure for service loads. The factored bearing pressure under factored
loads will not, however, be uniform unless the ratio of the factored load to
service load is identical for both columns.
Strap Footing
The soffit of the strap is not subject to soil pressure because it is poured on a layer of Styrofoam. It is
assumed that the strap and the footings act as a rigid body with a uniform
bearing pressure under the footings.
Eccentric Footing
It is assumed that the footing acts as a rigid body with a uniform soil pressure under the
base and that the lateral soil pressures on either side of the footing are
balanced.
RETAINING WALL
Cantilever Retaining Wall
Architects and Structures
Robie House
What do you want, Brick?
Hollyhock House
Glass block, Maison de Verre
World's Fair 1939
